Identification and diagnosis of autism

This is a list of scientific studies into the identification and diagnosis of people with autism spectrum disorders.

If you know of any other scientific studies we should include please email info@researchautism.net with the details. Thank you.

If you are a UK resident you may be able to obtain full copies of some of the items listed on this page from your local public library, your college library, or the National Autistic Society’s Information Centre.

If you wish to find out more about getting a diagnosis please see The process of getting a diagnosis, published on the National Autistic Society website.

Allen, C. et al. (2007). Validity of the Social Communication Questionnaire in assessing risk of autism in preschool children with developmental problems. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(7), pp. 1272-1278. Read Abstract

Allison C. et al. [Epub ahead of print]. The Q-CHAT (Quantitative CHecklist for Autism in Toddlers): A normally distributed quantitative measure of autistic traits at 18-24 months of age: Preliminary report. J Autism Dev Disord. Read Abstract

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

Barbaresi W. et al. (Epub ahead of print). The incidence of clinically diagnosed versus research-identified autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: Results from a retrospective, population-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Read Abstract

Baird G. et al. (2000). A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: a 6-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr, 39, pp. 694-702. Read Abstract

Baron-Cohen, S., Allen, J., and Gillberg, C. (1992). Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 839-843. Read Abstract

Baron-Cohen, S et al. (1996). Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 158-163. Read Abstract

Bennett, T. (2008). Differentiating autism and Asperger syndrome on the basis of language delay or impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(4), pp. 616-625. Read Abstract

Billstedt E, Carina Gillberg I, Gillberg C. (2007). Autism in adults: symptom patterns and early childhood predictors. Use of the DISCO in a community sample followed from childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 48(11), pp. 1102-1110. Read Abstract

Bishop, D.V.M. (1998). Development of the Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC): A method for assessing qualitative aspects of communication impairment in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 879-891. Read Abstract

Bishop, D.V.M. and Norbury, C.F. (2002) Exploring the borderlands of autistic disorder and specific language impairment: a study using standardised diagnostic instruments. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43:7, 917–929

Bishop S, Gahagan S, Lord C. (2007). Re-examining the core features of autism: a comparison of autism spectrum disorder and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 48(11), pp. 1111-1121. Read Abstract

Bitsika V., Sharpley C., Orapeleng S. (2008). An exploratory analysis of the use of cognitive, adaptive and behavioural indices for cluster analysis of ASD subgroups. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 52(1), pp. 973-985. Read Abstract

Boomsma A. et al. [Epub ahead of print]. A new symptom model for autism cross-validated in an independent sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. Read Abstract

Bradley-Johnson S., Johnson C.M., Vladescu J.C. (2008). A comprehensive model for assessing the unique characteristics of children with autism. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 26, pp. 325-338. Read Abstract

Brian J. et al. (2008). Clinical assessment of autism in high-risk 18-month-olds. 12(5), pp. 433-456. Read Abstract

Brown, G.E. et al. (2008). An exploration of possible pre- and postnatal correlates of autism: a pilot survey. Psychol Rep, 102(1), pp. 273-282. Read Abstract

Bryson. S.E. et al. (2008). The Autism Observation Scale for Infants: Scale development and reliability data. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(4), pp. 731-738. Read Abstract

Buitelaar JK, van der Gaag RJ. (1998)/ Diagnostic rules for children with PDD-NOS and multiple complex developmental disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 39(6), 911-919. Read Abstract

Buitelaar JK et al. (1999). Exploring the boundaries of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: analyses of data from the DSM-IV Autistic Disorder Field Trial. J Autism Dev Disord, 29(1), pp. 33-43. Read Abstract

Cantwell, D.P. (1996). Classification of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 1, 3-12.

Castelloe, P. Dawson, G. (1993). Subclassification of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 229-241. Read Abstract

Chamaka B. et al (Epub ahead of print). What can we learn about autism from autistic persons? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77(5), pp. 271-279. Read Abstract

Chandler, S. (2007). Validation of the social communication questionnaire in a population cohort of children with autism spectrum disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 46, pp. 1324-1332. Read Abstract

Charman T (1998), Specifying the nature and course of the joint attention impairment in autism in the preschool years. Autism 2:61-79.

Charman, T., and Baird, G (2002). Practitioner review: Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in 2-and 3 year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(3), pp. 289-305. Read Abstract

Cohen, D. J. 1976 The diagnostic process in child psychiatry Psychiat. Ann. 6:404-416.

Cohen, D. J., Volkmar, F. R. and Paul, R. (1987). Issues in the classification of Pervasive Developmental. Disorders: history and current status of noslogy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 28 (3), 365–369.

Cohen, I.L et al. (1993). A neural network approach to the classification of autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 23(3), pp.443-66. Read Abstract

Constantino J.N. et al. (2007). Rapid quantitative assessment of autistic social impairment by classroom teachers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 46(12), pp. 1668-1676. Read Abstract

Cox A, et al. (1999). Autism spectrum disorders at 20 and 42 months of age: stability of clinical and ADI-R diagnosis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 40(5), pp. 719–732. Read Abstract

Crais ER. et al. (2006). Early identification of autism: how early can we go? Semin Speech Lang, 27(3), pp. 143-60. Read Abstract

Crane, J.L. and Winslerm A, (2008). Early autism detection: Implications for pediatric practice and public policy. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 18, pp. 245-253. Read Abstract

Dahl, E. K., Cohen, D. J. and Provence, S. (1986). Clinical and multivariate approaches to the. nosology of pervasive developmental disorders. Read Abstract

Dawson, G. et al. (1995). Subgroups of autistic children based on social behavior display distinct patterns of brain activity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 569-583. Read Abstract

Dawson, G. et al. (2002). Defining the broader phenotype of autism: Genetic, brain, and behavioral perspectives. In Cicchetti, D. and Dawson, G. (Eds.), Special Issue of Development and Psychopathology on “Multiple Levels of Analysis” 14, 581-611. Read Abstract

Devincent C. et al. (2008). Screening for autism spectrum disorder with the Early Childhood Inventory-4. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 29(1), pp. 1-10. Read Abstract

DiLavore, P., Lord, C., and Rutter, M. (1995). Pre-linguistic autism diagnostic observation schedule. Journal of Autism W Developmental Disorders, 25(4), 355-379. Read Abstract

Dossetor, D.R. (2007). ‘All that glitters is not gold’: Misdiagnosis of psychosis in pervasive developmental disorders: a case series. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12(4), pp. 537-548. Read Abstract

Esposito G. and Venuti P. (2008). Analysis of toddlers’ gait after six months of independent walking to identify autism: a preliminary study. Percept Mot Skills, 106(1), pp. 259-269. Read Abstract

Farmer J., Clark .M. (2008). Identification and evaluation of Missouri’s children with autism spectrum disorders: promoting a rapid response. Mo Med. 105(5), pp. 384-389.

Frazier, T.W. et al. (2008). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), pp. 474-480. Read Abstract

Eaves, R.C., and Milner, B. (1993). The criterion-related validity of the childhood autism rating scale and the autism behavior checklist. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(5), 481-491. Read Abstract

Eaves, Ronald C. (2000) Criterion-Related and construct validity of the pervasive developmental disorders rating scale and the autism behavior checklist. Psychology in the Schools 37(4), pp. 311-21. Read Abstract

Eaves, Ronald C. (2006) The reliability and construct validity of ratings for the autism behavior checklist. Psychology in the Schools 43(2), pp. 129-142. Read Abstract

Einfeld, Stewart L. (1995) Issues in the taxonomy of psychopathology in mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 25(2), pp. 143-167. Read Abstract

Factor, D.C., Freeman, N.L., and Kardash, A. (1989) A comparison of. DSM-I11 and DSM-111-R criteria for autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord.,19(4), pp. 637-640. Read Abstract

Fein, D. et al. (1985). Cognitive subtypes in developmentally disabled children: A pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15(1), pp. 77-95. Read Abstract

Filipek, P.A. et al. (2000) Practice Parameters: The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 439-484.

Fombonne, E. (1992). Diagnostic assessment in a sample of autistic and developmentally. impaired adolescents. J Autism Dev Disord 22:563-581.

Freeman, B.J. et al. (1986). A scale for rating symptoms of patients with the syndrome of autism in real life settings. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, (7anuary), 25(1), 130-136.

Gadow, K.D. et al. Clinical utility of autism spectrum disorder scoring algorithms for the Child Symptom Inventory-4. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), pp. 419-427. Read Abstract

Gillberg, C, (1991). Debate and argument: is autism a pervasive developmental disorder? Journal of. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1169-1170,

Gillberg, C. (1996) Early detection of autism. Diagnostic instruments for clinicians. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 5(2).

Glascoe, F.P. (2007). Can a broadband developmental-behavioral screening test identify children likely to have autism spectrum disorder? Clinical Pediatrics, 46, pp. 801-805. Read Abstract

Glasson E.J. et al. (2008). Management of assessments and diagnoses for children with autism spectrum disorders: the Western Australian model. Med J Aust, 188(5), pp. 288-291. Read Abstract

Gotham K. et al. Epub ahead of print]. A replication of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Revised algorithms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Read Abstract

Gray K.M. et al. (2007). Screening for autism in young children with developmental delay: An evaluation of the developmental behaviour checklist: Early screen. J Autism Dev Disord. [Epub ahead of print]. Read Abstract

Greenspan, S.I. (2008). Guidelines for early identification, screening, and clinical management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 121(4), pp. 828-830. Read Extract

Gupta V.B. et al. (2007). Identifying children with autism early? Pediatrics, 119(1), pp. 152-153. Read Full item

Hertzig ME et al. (1990). DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnosis of autism and pervasive developmental disorder in nursery school children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 29(1):123-6.

Hilde M et al. (2004) Can the Children’s Communication Checklist differentiate between children with autism, children with ADHD, and normal controls?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45:8, 1437–1453

Hoekstra R.A. et al. [Epub ahead of print]. Factor structure, reliability and criterion validity of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): A study in Dutch population and patient groups. J Autism Dev Disord. Read Abstract

Howlin P. (2008). Autism and diagnostic substitution. Dev Med Child Neurol, 50(5), pp. 325.

Hus, V. et al. (2007). Using the autism diagnostic interview-revised to increase phenotypic homogeneity in genetic studies of autism. Biol Psychiatry, 61(4), pp. 438-48. Read Abstract

Ingram D.G, Takahashi T.N., Miles J.H. (2007). Defining autism subgroups: A taxometric solution. J Autism Dev Disord. [Epub ahead of print] Read Abstract

Johnson CP, Myers SM; and the Council on Children With Disabilities. (2007). Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. [Epub ahead of print] Read Abstract

Kawamura, Y. Takahashi, O. and Ishii, T. (2008). Reevaluating the incidence of pervasive developmental disorders: Impact of elevated rates of detection through implementation of an integrated system of screening in Toyota, Japan Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(2), pp. 152-159. Read Abstract

Klein-Tasman, B., Risi, S. and Lord, C. (2007). Effect of language and task demands on the diagnostic effectiveness of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: The impact of module choice. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(7), pp. 1224-1234. Read Abstract

Kleinman JM. et al. (2007). Diagnostic stability in very young children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord, [Epub ahead of print]. Read Abstract

Kleinman, J.M. (2008). The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: A follow-up study investigating the early detection of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), pp. 827-839. Read Abstract

Klin, A et al. (2000). Interrater Reliability of Clinical Diagnosis and DSM-IV Criteria for Autistic Disorder: Results of the DSM-IV Autism Field Trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(2), pp. 163-167.

Klin, A. et al. (2002). Defining and quantifying the social phenotype in autism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(6), 895-908.

Klin, A. et al. (2005). Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(2), 221-234.

Klinger, L.G. (2000) Performance-Based Measures in Autism: Implications for Diagnosis, Early Detection, and Identification of Cognitive Profiles. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 29(4).

Kopra K. et al. [Epub ahead of print]. Comparison of diagnostic methods for Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord. Read Abstract

Kolvin I. (1971). Studies in the childhood psychoses. I. Diagnostic criteria and classification. Br J Psychiatry, 118(545), pp. 381-384.

Kurita H, Koyama T, Inoue K. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders Assessment System. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 62(2), pp. 226-233. Read Abstract

Landa R.J. ([Epub ahead of print]. Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. Read Abstract

Lecavalier L., Snow A.V. (2008). Sensitivity and specificity of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the Social Communication Questionnaire in preschoolers suspected of having pervasive developmental disorders. Autism 12(6), pp. 627-644. Read Abstract

Leekham, S. et al. (2000). Comparison of ICD-10 and Gillberg’s criteria for Asperger. Syndrome. Autism, 4, 11–28.

Limperopoulos, C. (2008). Positive screening for autism in ex-preterm infants: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatrics, 121(4), pp. 758-765. Read Abstract

Liptak GS et al. [Epub ahead of print]. Disparities in diagnosis and access to health services for children with autism: Data from the National Survey of Children’s Health. J Dev Behav Pediatr. Read Abstract

Lord, C. et al. (1993). Using the ADI-R to diagnose autism in preschool children. Infant Mental Health Journal, (Fall), 14(3), 234-252.

Lord, C., Rutter, M., and LeCouteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, (October), 24(5), 659-685.

Maestro S. et al. (2005). Course of autism signs in the first year of life.Psychopathology, 38(1), pp. 26-31. Read Abstract

Magyar, Caroline I. (2007) Factor Structure Evaluation of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.

Mandell, D.S. et al. Disparities in diagnoses received prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. (2007). J Autism Dev Disord, 3799), pp. 1795-1802. Read Abstract

Marteleto M. et al. (2008). Administration of the Autism Behavior Checklist: agreement between parents and professionals’ observations in two intervention contexts. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 30(3), pp. 203-208. Read Abstract

Matson J.L. et al. (2007). The validity of the autism spectrum disorders-diagnosis for intellectually disabled adults (ASD-DA). Res Dev Disabil. [Epub ahead of print]. Read Abstract

Matson, J.L. et al. (2007). Norms and cut off scores for the autism spectrum disorders diagnosis for adults (ASD-DA) with intellectual disability. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1(4), pp. 330-338. Read Abstract

Matson, J.L., Wilkins, J. and González, M. (2007). Reliability and factor structure of the autism spectrum disorders: Diagnosis scale for intellectually disabled adults (ASD—DA). Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 19(6, pp. 565-577. Read Abstract

Matson, J.L., Wilkins, J. and González, M. (2008). Early identification and diagnosis in autism spectrum disorders in young children and infants: How early is too early. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(1), pp. 75-84. Read Abstract

Matson, J.L. and Jessica A. Boisjoli, J.A. (2008). Strategies for assessing Asperger’s syndrome: A critical review of data based methods. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(2), pp. 237-248. Read Abstract

Matson, J.L. and Boisjoli, J.A. (2008). Autism spectrum disorders in adults with intellectual disability and comorbid psychopathology: Scale development and reliability of the ASD-CA. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(2), pp. 276-287. Read Abstract

Matson, J.L. and Wilkins, J. (2008). Nosology and diagnosis of Asperger’s syndrome. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(2), pp. 288-300. Read Abstract

Matson J.L., Gonzalez M.L., Rivet T.T. (2008). Reliability of the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Behavior Problems for Children (ASD-BPC). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2(4), pp. 696-706. Read Abstract

Matson, J.L. and Dempsey. T. (2008). Stereotypy in adults with autism spectrum disorders: Relationship and diagnostic fidelity. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 20(2), pp. 155-165. Read Abstract

Mayes, S.D. and Calhoun, S.L. (2008). WISC-IV and WIAT-II profiles in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), pp. 428-439. Read Abstract

Miles, J.H. [Epub ahead of print]. Development and validation of a measure of dysmorphology: Useful for autism subgroup classification. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. Read Abstract

Moore, V. and Goodson, S. (2003). How Well Does Early Diagnosis of Autism Stand the Test of Time?: Follow-Up Study of Children Assessed for Autism at Age 2 and Development of an Early Diagnostic Service. Autism, 7(1): 47 – 63.

Murdock, L.C., Cost, H.C. and Tieso, C. (2007). Measurement of social communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorders during interactions with typical peers. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(3), pp. 160-172. Read Abstract

Osborne, L.A. and Reed, P. (2008). Parents’ perceptions of communication with professionals during the diagnosis of autism. Autism, 12(3), pp. 309-324. Read Abstract

Osborne L.A. et al. (2008). A possible contra-indication for early diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Conditions: Impact on parenting stress. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2(4), pp. 707-715. Read Abstract

Oslejsková H. et al. (2007). The course of diagnosis in autistic patients: the delay between recognition of the first symptoms by parents and correct diagnosis. Neuro Endocrinol 28(6), pp 895-900. Read Abstract

Osterling, J. and Dawson, G. (1994). Early recognition of children with autism: A study of first birthday home videotapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 247-257. Read Abstract

Overton, T., Fielding, C. and Garcia de Alba, R. (2007). Differential diagnosis of Hispanic children referred for autism spectrum disorders: Complex issues. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), pp. 1996-2007. Read Abstract

Pandey J. et al. (2008). Screening for autism in older and younger toddlers with the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice 12(5), pp. 513-535. Read Abstract

Pelios LV, Lund SK. (2001). A selective overview of issues on classification, causation, and early intensive behavioral intervention for autism. Behav Modif, 25(5):678-97.

Perry, Adrienne (2006) Multi-site Study of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) in Five Clinical Groups of Young Children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 35.

Pine D.S. et al. [Epub ahead of print] Autism spectrum disorder scale scores in pediatric mood and anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Read Abstract

Plauché Johnson, C. (2008). Recognition of autism before age 2 years. Pediatr Rev, 29, pp. 86-96. Read Extract

Rapin I. (1991) Autistic children: diagnosis and clinical features. Pediatrics 87: 751–60.

Reaven JA, Hepburn SL, Ross RG. (2008). Use of the ADOS and ADI-R in children with psychosis: importance of clinical judgment. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 13(1), pp. 81-94. Read Abstract

Robins D.L. et al. (2001). The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: an initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord, 31(2), pp. 131-44. Read Abstract

Robins D.L. (2008). Screening for autism spectrum disorders in primary care settings. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice 12(5), pp. 537-556. Read Abstract

Rogers, S. (2001). Diagnosis of autism before the age. of 3. International Review of Mental Retardation, 23, 1-31

Ronald A, Happé F, Plomin R. [Epub ahead of print]. A twin study investigating the genetic and environmental aetiologies of parent, teacher and child ratings of autistic-like traits and their overlap. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Read Abstract

Rutter, M. (1992) Classification of pervasive developmental disorders: Some concepts and practical considerations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 22(4).

Rutter, M., Lord, C., and LeCouteur, A. Brief report: Autism diagnostic interview (rev.). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.

Schopler, E., Reichler, R.and Remler, B.R. (1986). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS) for diagnostic screening and classification of autism. New York: Irvington Publishers.

Schopler, E. et al. (1980).Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities, I, 91-103.

Sevin, J.A. et al. (1991). A comparison and evaluation of three commonly used autism scales. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(4), pp. 417-432

Sikora, D.M. et al. (2008). The performance of children with mental health disorders on the ADOS-G: A question of diagnostic utility. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(1), pp. 188-197. Read Abstract

Sikora, D.M. et al. (2008). Does parent report of behavior differ across ADOS-G classifications: Analysis of scores from the CBCL and GARS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), pp. 440-448. Read Abstract

Siegel B. et al. (1998). How children with autism are diagnosed: difficulties in identification of children with multiple developmental delays. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 9(4), pp. 199-204. Read Abstract

Skokauskas N., Moran T. (2008). Role of CAMHS in assessing children with suspected autism-spectrum disorder in Ireland. Psychiatr. Bull. 32, pp. 394.

Snyder D.M., Miller K. and Stein M.T. (2008). It looks like autism: Caution in diagnosis. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 29(1), pp. 47-50. Read Abstract

Spek A.A. et al. (2007). Brief report: The use of WAIS-III in adults with HFA and Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord, [Epub ahead of print]. Read Abstract

Stone W.L. et al. (1999). Can autism be diagnosed accurately in children under 3 years? J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 40, pp. 219-226. Read Abstract

Stone W., McMahon C.R., Henderson L.M. (2008). Use of the Screening Tool for Autism in Two-Year-Olds (STAT) for children under 24 months: An exploratory study. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice 12(5), pp. 557-573. Read Abstract

Szatmari, P. (1992) The validity of autistic spectrum disorders: A literature review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 22(4).

Szatmari, P.(2002) Quantifying Dimensions in Autism: A Factor-Analytic Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Szatmari P, White J, Merikangas KR. (2007). The use of genetic epidemiology to guide classification in child and adult psychopathology. Int Rev Psychiatry, 19(5), pp. 483-496. Read Abstract

Tachimori, Hisateru (2003) Childhood Autism Rating Scale – Tokyo Version for screening pervasive developmental disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 57(1).

Tanguay P, Robertson J, Derrick A. (1998). A dimensional classification of autism spectrum disorder by social communication domains. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 37(3), pp. 271-277. Read Abstract

Towle P. et al. (Epub ahead of print). Detecting autism spectrum disorder from early intervention charts: Methodology and preliminary findings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.Read Abstract

Van Bourgondien, M.E., Marcus, L.M., Schopler, E. (1992). Comparison of DSM-III-R and childhood autism rating scale diagnoses of autism. Journal Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(4), pp. 493-506.

Van Naarden Braun, K. et al. (2007). Evaluation of a methodology for a collaborative multiple source surveillance network for autism spectrum disorders—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2002. MMWR Surveill Summ, 56, pp. 29. Read Abstract

VanDenHeuvel A. et al. (2007). Screening for autistic spectrum disorder at the 18-month developmental assessment: a population-based study. Ir Med J, Sep, 100(8), pp.565-567. Read Abstract

Volkmar, F.R. (1987). Diagnostic issues in the the pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 28 (3), 365–369.

Volkmar, F.R. et al. (1994). Field Trial for Autistic Disorder in DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151 (9), 1361-1367.

Volkmar, F.R. (2004) Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45:1, 135–170. Read Abstract

Wachtel K., Carter A.S. (2008). Reaction to diagnosis and parenting styles among mothers of young children with ASDs Autism 12(5), pp. 575-594.Read Abstract

Wallis K.E, Pinto-Martin J. [Epub ahead of print]. The challenge of screening for autism spectrum disorder in a culturally diverse society. Acta Paediatr.

Waterhouse, L. (1992). Pervasive developmental disorders: From DSM-III to DSM-III-R. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(4).

Waterhouse, L. (1996) Diagnosis and classification in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, (26)1.

Wetherby A.M. et al. (2008). Validation of the Infant—Toddler Checklist as a broadband screener for autism spectrum disorders from 9 to 24 months of age. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice 12(5), pp. 487-511. Read Abstract

Wiggins, L.D. and Robins, D.L. (2008). Brief report: Excluding the ADI-R behavioral domain improves diagnostic agreement in toddlers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(5), pp. 972-976.

Wilkinson, L.A. (2008). The gender gap in Asperger syndrome: Where are the girls? Teaching Exceptional Children, 4(4), pp. Read Full item

Williams J.G. et al. [Epub ahead of print]. The Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST): Sex Differences. J Autism Dev Disord. Read Abstract

Williams K. et al. (2007). Diagnostic labelling of autism spectrum disorders in NSW. J Paediatr Child Health, [Epub ahead of print]. Read Abstract

Witwer, A.N. and Lecavalier, L. (2007). Autism screening tools: An evaluation of the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Developmental Behaviour Checklist-Autism Screening Algorithm. . J Intellect Dev Disabil, 32(3), pp. 179-187. Read Abstract

Young. D.J. et al. (2008). The diagnosis of autism in a female: could it be Rett syndrome? European Journal of Pediatrics, 167(6), pp. 661-669. Read Abstract

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Identification and diagnosis of autism